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History and civilization
The history of Egypt is the history of human civilization, where the Egyptian man created and introduced an ancient civilization that preceded the civilizations of the peoples of the world.
A pioneering civilization in its innovations, architecture, and arts, as it amazed the world and scholars with its thought and knowledge. It is a connected civilization with which the Egyptian man interacted and left its mark on his mind and conscience. Egypt was the first country in the ancient world to know the principles of writing and invented letters and hieroglyphic signs, and the ancient Egyptians were keen to write down and record their history and the events that they made and lived, and with this great civilizational step, Egypt moved from prehistoric times and became the first country in the world to have a written history, and it has Fixed systems and therefore considered by all standards the mother of human civilizations. Egypt has its civilizational, historical and religious role, as it was the place that embraced the prophets, and the land on which their steps took place, so the father of the prophets, Ibrahim, peace be upon him, came to her and married the lady Hagar, and Joseph, peace be upon him, came to her and became a minister there, and his father Jacob followed him to her, and the greatest dialogue between God Almighty took place. Glory and Moses, peace be upon him, on its land, and to Egypt, the Holy Family, the Virgin Mary, the Christ Child, and Joseph the Carpenter, took refuge and made a blessed historical journey in its land. . Many civilizations have followed on the land of Egypt, so Egypt was the cradle of the Pharaonic civilization, an incubator of the Greek and Roman civilization, a beacon of the Coptic civilization, and a protector of the Islamic civilization.
Throughout history, the people of Egypt have been characterized by love, tolerance, friendliness, and generosity that characterized this people, as the people of Egypt blended into one solid fabric.
Click here to learn about the masterpieces of Egyptian heritage through the ages
First: the Pharaonic era
The era of the Old Kingdom (2980 - 2475 BC)
The Egyptian civilization developed and the principles of the central government crystallized, and the era of this state witnessed a comprehensive renaissance in all aspects of life, as the Egyptians reached the hieroglyphic writing, i. In the name of the era of the builders of the pyramids, and this era witnessed the building of the first pyramid (the Pyramid of Saqqara), and with the development of agriculture and industry, the Egyptians used the first river fleet to transport their products, and maritime navigation reached a great level and became an organized craft like other well-established crafts that ancient Egypt was famous for.
The Middle Kingdom (2160-1580 BC)
The kings of the Middle Kingdom took care of the most beneficial projects for the people, so agriculture flourished and handicrafts developed, and Egyptian artists and engineers left a wonderful legacy that spread in Luxor, Fayoum and Ain Shams. Art and literature also flourished in this era, but the end of the rule of this state witnessed the invasion and occupation of Egypt by the Hyksos.
The era of the New Kingdom (1580 - 1150 BC)
After King Ahmose I eliminated the Hyksos and expelled them outside the eastern borders of Egypt, security and stability returned to the country, and Egypt began a new era, which is the era of the modern state. To the fourth cataract on the River Nile in the south, and Egypt became a great power, and thus became a great, sprawling empire and the oldest empire in history. The kings and queens of the Twelfth Dynasty have won international fame in the fields of politics, war, culture, civilization and religion. The Egyptian borders north and south, spreading education and expanding the opening of mines and the mining industry.. “Thutmose II” the dandy and “Thutmose III” the emperor with outstanding military genius and the first great conqueror in the history of the world .. and “Thutmose the Fourth” the diplomat who was the first to be interested in codifying and recording International treaties.. and "Amenhotep the Third" the richest king in the ancient world who opened schools "houses of life" to spread education and plastic and applied arts.. and "Akhenaten" the first monotheists and the first king in the history of humanity to proclaim the oneness of God, the Creator of everything.. and "Tut Ankh Amun" who gained fame in the modern world. Among the most famous queens of this family, for example, is Queen "Ayahotep" wife of King "Saqnen Ra", and Queen "Ahmose-Nefertari" wife of Ahmose I, and Queen "T" daughter of the people and wife of Amenhotep III and mother of Akhenaten, and Queen "Nefertiti" wife of "Akhenaten" and Queen The great "Hatshepsut", who ruled Egypt for nearly twenty years, reached the age of 2023, under the supervision of Mahari.